Table 2 Selected list of Predictive Models Currently Available in the Literature

Aronson A et al, 2007 [91]

CABG patients

n = 2381

Age, preoperative CHF, prior MI, preexisting renal disease, intraoperative inotropes, intraoperative intra-aortic balloon pump, bypass time, pre-operative pulse pressure.

postoperative creatinine ≥2 mg/dL w/ increase ≥0.7 mg/dL from baseline or dialysis

Basu RK et al. 2014 [29]

Pediatric critically ill patients

n = 584 total in 4 cohorts

Vasopressor/inotrope use, invasive mechanical ventilation, percent fluid overload, change in creatinine clearance

KDIGO Stage 2/3 AKI

Brown JR et al, 2007 [92]

CABG patients

n = 8363

Age, female, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, CHF, hypertension, prior CABG, preoperative IABP, elevated WBC count

eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m²

Chawla LS et al, 2013 [37]

Koyner JL et al, 2015 [93]

Critically ill patients

n = 77

Urine output measurement

Progression to AKIN stage III

Chong E et al, 2012 [94]

Patients w/ eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m² undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention n = 770

Age, baseline eGFR, post-percutaneous coronary intervention, creatinine kinase, contrast volume

Contrast-induced nephropathy defined as 25 % or 0.5 mg/dL increase from baseline creatinine within 48 h after PCI

Cruz DN et al. 2014 [95]

Critically ill patients n = 506

Age, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, obesity, hyperbilirubinemia, cerebrovascular accident, AIDS, cancer, hypotension, high-risk surgery, nephrotoxin exposure, sepsis

AKI stage II and III defined by AKIN

Demirjian S et al, 2012 [44]

Cardiac surgery patients

n = 25,898

gender, race, weight, pulmonary disease, CHF, diabetes, hypertension, type of surgery, previous cardiac surgery, emergency surgery, eGFR, albumin, bicarbonate, sodium, BUN, hemoglobin, platelet count, bilirubin, BMI, potassium, CPB time, intrasurgical transfusion or vasopressor, intrasurgical UOP

AKI requiring dialysis

Forni LG et al. 2013 [39]

Patients admitted to an acute medical unit n = 3707

Age, alertness scale, chronic kidney disease, congestive cardiac failure, diabetes, liver disease

AKI defined per KDIGO guidelines

Gao et al.

2014 [96]

Coronary angiography intervention n = 3945

Age, hypertension, acute MI, heart failure, use of intra-aortic balloon pump, decreased glomerular filtration rate, contrast volume

Increase in serum creatinine level

Grimm JC et al 2015 [97]

Lung transplant

n = 10,693

Race, sarcoidosis, diabetes, weight, baseline renal function, Kanofsky performance score, previous ICU stay, ECMO, days on list, double transplant

AKI requiring dialysis

Gurm HS et al. 2013 [98]

Patients undergoing a percutaneous coronary intervention n = 68,753

age, weight, height, percutaneous coronary intervention status and indication, coronary artery disease presentation, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, ejection fraction, diabetes, CKMB, creatinine, hemoglobin, troponin I and T

≥0.5 mg/dl increase in serum creatinine level from baseline, RRT receipt

Ho J et al, 2012 [99]

Cardiac surgery patients n = 350

Bypass time, baseline eGFR, euroSCORE, postoperative serum creatinine

AKI by AKIN criteria

Hong SH et al. 2012 [100]

Living donor transplant recipients n = 429

age, MELD, hypertension, platelet count, surgical time, packed red blood cell transfusion, lactate, furosemide dose, calcium chloride dose, phosphate level

Renal failure was defined according to RIFLE

Kane-Gill et al. 2015 [38]

Elderly, critically ill

n = 25,230

age, gender, race, eGFR, heart failure, diabetes, hypertension, admission type (medical vs surgical), requirement for vasopressors or mechanical ventilation, sepsis, hypotension, nephrotoxic drugs.

AKI by KDIGO criteria

Kim JM et al. 2014 [46]

Liver transplant recipients

n = 153

Hepatic encephalopathy, deceased donor liver donations, MELD score,

intraoperative blood loss, and indication for liver transplantation

Patients who needed renal replacement therapy

Kim MY et al, 2011 [101]

Isolated off-pump CABG patients

n = 448

High systolic blood pressure, low baseline eGFR, coronary angiography less than 7 days prior to surgery

AKI by AKIN criteria

Kim WH et al. 2013 [102]

Aortic surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass n = 737

Age, preoperative glomerular filtration, ejection fraction, operation time, intraoperative urine output, intraoperative furosemide use

AKI defined by RIFLE

Kristovic D et al. 2015 [26]

Cardiac surgery patients

n = 1056

age, atrial fibrillation, CHF classification, previous cardiac surgery, creatinine, endocarditis, weight, gender, COPD, bypass

AKI stage by KDIGO

AKI requiring dialysis

Legrand M et al. 2013 [103]

Patients with endocarditis/ cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass n = 202

Age, gender, pre-existing comorbidities, presence of shock, systemic emboli, NYHA classification, hemoglobin, baseline creatinine, need for mechanical ventilation, characteristics of infection/surgery, use of nephrotoxic agents

Development or progression of AKI in the 7 days following surgery. AKI defined per AKIN

McMahon GM et al. 2013 [104]

Rhabdomyolysis within 3 days of admission n = 2371

Age, female sex, cause of rhabdomyolysis, initial creatinine, creatinine phosphokinase, phosphate, calcium, and bicarbonate

Composite endpoint: Renal replacement therapy or mortality

Medha et al. 2013 [41]

Trauma patients

n = 4396

hepatic dysfunction, urea, glucose, pulmonary dysfunction, severity of injury

serum creatinine level >2.0 mg/dL during the hospital stay

Meersch M et al. 2014 [42]

Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with bypass n = 50

Diabetes, severity of illness, ejection fraction, baseline serum creatinine, cross-clamp time, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

AKI defined by RIFLE or AKIN together

Mehran R et al, 2004 [22]

Patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions n = 8357

Hypotension, intra-aortic balloon pump, congestive heart failure, age >75 years, anemia, diabetes, contrast volume, baseline creatinine or eGFR

Increase of ≥25 % or ≥0.5 mg/dL in pre-PCI serum creatinine at 48 h after PCI

Mehta RH et al, 2006 [32]

CABG and/or valve surgery patients n = 449,524

Preoperative creatinine, age, race, type of surgery, diabetes, shock, NYHA class, lung disease, recent myocardial infarction, prior cardiovascular surgery

AKI requiring dialysis

Ng SY et al. 2014 [105]

Cardiac surgery patients n = 28,422

obesity, infective endocarditis, cardiac procedure, preop creatinine, diabetes, urgency status, eGFR, CHF, age, cardiogenic shock, IABP use, bypass time, non-RBC blood product use, gender, reoperation for bleeding, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and respiratory disease

Increased creatinine > 200 mmol/L (2.26 mg/dL), ≥ 2x increase in creatinine over baseline, a new receipt for RRT

Palomba H et al. 2007 [18]

Cardiac surgery patients

n = 603

age, serum creatinine, glucose, heart failure, combined surgeries, cardiopulmonary bypass time, cardiac output, central venous pressure

creatinine > 2.0 mg/dl or increase of 50 % above

baseline

Park MH et al. 2015 [106]

Living-donor liver transplant

n = 538

weight; diabetes, alcoholic liver disease, albumin <3.5 mg/dL, model for end-stage liver disease score, child-turcotte-pugh- estimated graft to recipient body weight ratio, operation details, calcineurin inhibitor use without mycophenolate

AKI as defined by RIFLE

Rahmanian PB et al, 2011 [107]

Cardiac surgery patients

n = 2511

Pulmonary hypertension, preoperative renal dysfunction, bypass time, peripheral vascular disease, recent MI, atrial fibrillation, age, CHF, diabetes

AKI requiring dialysis

Rodriguez et al. 2013 [108]

Severe Rhabdomyolysis n = 126

Albumin, metabolic acidosis, prothrombin time, peak creatinine phosphokinase

RIFLE category

Romano TG et al. 2013 [109]

Orthotopic liver transplant patients n = 114

MELD

increase ≥ 0.3 mg/dL in serum creatinine

Schneider DF et al, 2012 [110]

Critically ill burn patients

n = 309

age, sex, race, % body surface area burned, burn mechanism, intubation, inhalation injury, NROF, fraction of predicted Parkland resuscitation, early transfusion, weight, Charlson Score, drug abuse, smoker, number of preadmission medications, ACEI/ARB, diuretic, NSAIDs, methamphetamine, lowest hematocrit, potassium, sodium, pH, glucose, base deficit, lowest mean arterial pressure, temperature

AKI defined using RIFLE classification

Simonini M et al. 2014 [111]

Elective cardiac surgery n = 802

Age, gender, ejection fraction, hypertension, diabetes, renal function, reoperation cardiac surgery, surgery type

AKIN stage II/III AKI

Slankamenac K et al. 2013 [112]

Liver surgery

n = 549

Need for blood transfusion, cirrhosis, oliguria, hepaticojejunostomy, use of colloids, use of diuretics, use of a bolus of catecholamines

R of RIFLE

Soto K et al. 2013 [40]

Patients admitted from the emergency department n = 616

Age, kidney susceptibility stage, chronic heart failure, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus

New onset AKI per RIFLE

Thakar CV et al, 2005 [17]

Cardiac surgery patients

n = 31,677

gender, CHF, ejection fraction, preop intra-aortic balloon pump, COPD, diabetes, previous cardiac surgery, emergency surgery, type of surgery, creatinine >1.2

AKI requiring dialysis

Tsai TT et al. 2014 [113]

Percutaneous coronary intervention n = 947,012

Age, CKD, prior cardiovascular disease, acute coronary syndrome, cardiac arrest, anemia, CHF, intra-aortic balloon pump prior to procedure, cardiogenic shock

AKI defined by AKIN and AKI requiring dialysis

Wang M et al. 2013 [114]

Patients with hemorrhagic fever (Hantann virus) n = 112

age, gender, presence of shock, proteinuria, hematuria, platelet count, leukocyte

Required dialysis or increased

serum creatinine ≥354 mmol/L

Wang Y et al. 2013 [115]

Patients hospitalized with acute heart failure n = 1709

Age, ≥ 3 previous hospital admissions for acute heart failure, systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, serum sodium <130 mmol/L, heart functional class IV, proteinuria, SCr ≥ 104 mmol/L, intravenous furosemide dose ≥ 80 mg/day

increase in serum creatinine (SCr) of

≥26.4 mmol/L or ≥ 50 % within 48 h.

Wijeysundera DN et al, 2007 [19]

Cardiac surgery patients

n = 20,131

Preoperative eGFR, diabetes, ejection fraction, previous cardiac surgery, procedures other than isolated CABG or ASD repair, non-elective procedure, preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump

AKI requiring dialysis

Wong B et al. 2015 [116]

Cardiac surgery patients who developed AKI n = 2316

Age, weight, preoperative creatinine, gender, preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump, ejection fraction, type of surgery, previous cardiac surgery, diabetes, COPD, cardiopulmonary bypass time, clamp time, pump time, number of bypass grafts

AKI Stage 1, stage 2, stage 3

Xu X et al, 2010 [117]

Liver transplant recipients

n = 102

age, MELD score, preoperative creatinine, BUN, sodium, and potassium, intraoperative UOP, intraoperative hypotension, intraoperative noradrenaline

Serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dl with an increase of 50 % above baseline and/or RRT