Fig. 2
From: Acute kidney injury: preclinical innovations, challenges, and opportunities for translation
Acute kidney injury due to acute tubular necrosis. Acute tubular necrosis can be the result of nephrotoxins or ischemia to the kidney. Nephrotoxic drugs, such as tunicmycin, can induce ER stress caused by protein misfolding; while a lack of blood supply to the kidney can cause oxidative stress in the mitochondria. Both ER stress and oxidative stress have been shown to generate reactive oxygen species, ultimately leading to acute kidney injury