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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of atypical antipsychotic users and non-users

From: Atypical antipsychotic medications and hyponatremia in older adults: a population-based cohort study

Characteristic

Unmatched

Matched

 

Antipsychotic users

Antipsychotic non-users

Standardized differencea

Antipsychotic users

Antipsychotic non-users

Standardized differencea

 

(n = 92,090)

(n = 175,836)

 

(n = 58,008)

(n = 58,008)

 

Demographic

      

 Age, mean (SD), years

81 (7.8)

79 (7.9)

29.2 %

81 (7.7)

81 (7.7)

0.3 %

 Women

58,647 (63.7 %)

111,968 (63.7 %)

0 %

38,736 (66.8 %)

38,736 (66.8 %)

0 %

Income quintileb

      

 1 (low)

20,160 (21.9 %)

37,436 (21.3 %)

1.5 %

12,331 (21.3 %)

13,081 (22.6 %)

3.1 %

 2

18,854 (20.5 %)

36,395 (20.7 %)

0.6 %

11,888 (20.5 %)

12,057 (20.8 %)

0.7 %

 3 (medium)

17,999 (19.6 %)

33,861 (19.3 %)

0.7 %

11,630 (20.1 %)

11,408 (19.7 %)

1.0 %

 4

17,607 (19.1 %)

33,206 (18.9 %)

0.6 %

11,213 (19.3 %)

10,847 (18.7 %)

1.6 %

 5 (high)

17,058 (18.5 %)

34,373 (19.6 %)

2.6 %

10,946 (18.9 %)

10,615 (18.3 %)

1.5 %

Rural residence

11,759 (12.8 %)

23,484 (13.4 %)

1.7 %

7671 (13.2 %)

7557 (13.0 %)

0.6 %

Long-term care

32,644 (35.5 %)

26,705 (15.2 %)

47.9 %

16,409 (28.3 %)

16,409 (28.3 %)

0 %

Comorbid conditionsc

      

 Charlson comorbidity index, mean (SD)

1.68 (1.8)

1.56 (1.8)

6.7 %

0.87 (1.5)

0.94 (1.5)

4.7 %

 Johns Hopkins ACG System Aggregated Diagnosis Groups, mean (SD)

13.90 (4.2)

13.69 (4.0)

5.2 %

13.37 (4.2)

13.69 (4.1)

7.8 %

 Dementia

71,933 (78.1 %)

92,049 (52.4 %)

56.2 %

44,715 (77.1 %)

44,715 (77.1 %)

0 %

 Schizophrenia

14,838 (16.1 %)

14,072 (8.0 %)

25.1 %

4756 (8.2 %)

4756 (8.2 %)

0 %

 Bipolar disorder

10,174 (11.1 %)

11,377 (6.5 %)

16.3 %

3295 (5.7 %)

3295 (5.7 %)

0 %

 Unipolar depression/anxiety

28,419 (30.9 %)

74,574 (42.4 %)

24.2 %

15,038 (25.9 %)

15,038 (25.9 %)

0 %

 Parkinson’s disease

8652 (9.4 %)

19,015 (10.8 %)

4.7 %

3780 (6.5 %)

3780 (6.5 %)

0 %

 Congestive heart failure

19,029 (20.7 %)

33,627 (19.1 %)

3.9 %

10,038 (17.3 %)

10,038 (17.3 %)

0 %

 Chronic kidney disease

8127 (8.8 %)

15,323 (8.7 %)

0.4 %

3140 (5.4 %)

3140 (5.4 %)

0 %

 Hypertension

65,205 (70.8 %)

131,562 (74.8 %)

9.0 %

40,929 (70.6 %)

40,419 (69.7 %)

1.9 %

 Chronic liver disease

2980 (3.2 %)

6388 (3.6 %)

2.2 %

1664 (2.9 %)

1807 (3.1 %)

1.5 %

 Hypothyroidism

10,213 (11.1 %)

20,354 (11.6 %)

1.5 %

6222 (10.7 %)

6198 (10.7 %)

0.1 %

 Cancer

12,145 (13.2 %)

25,758 (14.7 %)

4.2 %

7321 (12.6 %)

7864 (13.6 %)

2.8 %

 Diabetes mellitus

14,245 (15.5 %)

30,491 (17.3 %)

5.1 %

17,590 (30.3 %)

18,457 (31.8 %)

3.2 %

 Pneumonia

8006 (8.7 %)

12,843 (7.3 %)

5.1 %

4237 (7.3 %)

4755 (8.2 %)

3.3 %

 Coronary artery diseased

31,417 (34.1 %)

61,334 (34.9 %)

1.6 %

18,641 (32.1 %)

19,184 (33.1 %)

2.0 %

 Angina

20,496 (22.3 %)

42,264 (24.0 %)

4.2 %

12,166 (21.0 %)

12,462 (21.5 %)

1.3 %

 Previous hyponatremia

3403 (3.7 %)

5416 (3.1 %)

3.4 %

1766 (3.0 %)

2111 (3.6 %)

3.3 %

 Lung disease

26,237 (28.5 %)

53,842 (30.6 %)

4.7 %

15,489 (26.7 %)

16,891 (29.1 %)

5.4 %

 Seizure

1782 (1.9 %)

2780 (1.6 %)

2.7 %

879 (1.5 %)

1087 (1.9 %)

2.8 %

 Acute kidney injury

3453 (3.8 %)

5616 (3.2 %)

3.0 %

1482 (2.6 %)

1501 (2.6 %)

0.2 %

 Acute urinary retention

3337 (3.6 %)

5179 (3.0 %)

3.8 %

1650 (2.8 %)

1774 (3.1 %)

1.3 %

 Delirium

7112 (7.7 %)

6013 (3.4 %)

18.8 %

3424 (5.9 %)

2546 (4.4 %)

6.9 %

 Peripheral vascular disease

1939 (2.1 %)

4061 (2.3 %)

1.4 %

1043 (1.8 %)

1238 (2.1 %)

2.4 %

Concurrent medication usee

      

 Number of unique drug products, mean (SD)

9.71 (6.4)

8.94 (5.5)

13.0 %

8.91 (5.9)

9.41 (5.6)

8.7 %

 Anticonvulsants

10,970 (11.9 %)

16,409 (9.3 %)

8.4 %

5552 (9.6 %)

6688 (11.5 %)

6.4 %

 Antidepressants

46,600 (50.6 %)

65,227 (37.1 %)

27.5 %

25,197 (43.4 %)

26,871 (46.3 %)

5.8 %

 Antidiabetics

14,245 (15.5 %)

21,969 (12.5 %)

8.6 %

8526 (14.7 %)

9307 (16.0 %)

3.7 %

 Antineoplastics

3240 (3.5 %)

6863 (3.9 %)

2.0 %

1958 (3.4 %)

2151 (3.7 %)

1.8 %

 Thyroxine

16,580 (18.0 %)

33,499 (19.1 %)

2.7 %

10,406 (17.9 %)

10,846 (18.7 %)

2.0 %

 Potassium sparing diuretics

5390 (5.9 %)

11,025 (6.3 %)

1.8 %

3267 (5.6 %)

3236 (5.6 %)

0.2 %

 Non-potassium sparing diuretics

31,051 (33.7 %)

61,131 (34.8 %)

2.2 %

18,611 (32.1 %)

18,665 (32.2 %)

0.2 %

 ACE inhibitors and/or ARBs

39,596 (43.0 %)

88,563 (50.4 %)

14.8 %

24,853 (42.8 %)

25,660 (44.2 %)

2.8 %

 NSAIDs (excl. ASA)

13,638 (14.8 %)

30,146 (17.1 %)

6.4 %

8667 (14.9 %)

9047 (15.6 %)

1.8 %

 Calcium channel blockers

22,902 (24.9 %)

49,786 (28.3 %)

7.8 %

14,642 (25.2 %)

15,011 (25.9 %)

1.5 %

 Beta-adrenergic agonists

26,099 (28.3 %)

55,259 (31.4 %)

6.7 %

16,169 (27.9 %)

16,254 (28.0 %)

0.3 %

 Statins

29,558 (32.1 %)

72,878 (41.5 %)

19.5 %

19,171 (33.1 %)

19,514 (33.6 %)

1.3 %

 Benzodiazepines

33,031 (35.9 %)

45,988 (26.2 %)

21.1 %

17,616 (30.4 %)

18,692 (32.2 %)

4.0 %

Healthcare contacts, mean (SD)f

      

 Hospitalizations

0.51 (0.9)

0.32 (0.8)

22.6 %

0.40 (0.8)

0.39 (0.8)

1.3 %

 Emergency department visits

1.29 (2.1)

0.84 (1.6)

24.7 %

1.04 (1.6)

1.00 (1.7)

2.5 %

 Family physician visits

18.57 (18.0)

13.61 (13.1)

31.9 %

15.84 (15.5)

16.30 (15.3)

3.0 %

 Geriatrician visits

0.82 (3.6)

0.34 (2.1)

16.9 %

0.58 (2.5)

0.49 (2.4)

3.7 %

 Psychiatrist visits

1.69 (7.5)

0.36 (2.5)

26.6 %

0.64 (2.4)

0.40 (2.2)

10.0 %

Health-care useg

      

 Previous sodium tests

63,335 (68.8 %)

79,930 (45.5 %)

48.5 %

38,190 (64.8 %)

38,145 (65.8 %)

0.2 %

 Carotid ultrasound

4568 (5.0 %)

9137 (5.2 %)

1.1 %

2721 (4.7 %)

2883 (5.0 %)

1.3 %

 Cardiac catheterization

742 (0.8 %)

2334 (1.3 %)

5.1 %

414 (0.7 %)

477 (0.8 %)

1.2 %

 Echocardiography

12,411 (13.5 %)

27,264 (15.5 %)

5.8 %

7247 (12.5 %)

7355 (12.7 %)

0.6 %

 Holter monitoring

4818 (5.2 %)

10,904 (6.2 %)

4.2 %

2962 (5.1 %)

3032 (5.2 %)

0.6 %

 Colorectal cancer screening

10,653 (11.6 %)

29,013 (16.5 %)

14.2 %

6767 (11.7 %)

6823 (11.8 %)

0.3 %

 Cervical cancer screening

2047 (2.2 %)

8290 (4.7 %)

13.7 %

1447 (2.5 %)

1427 (2.5 %)

0.2 %

 Thyroid stimulating hormone

57,414 (62.4 %)

100,900 (57.4 %)

10.1 %

34,911 (60.2 %)

34,766 (59.9 %)

0.5 %

 Bone mineral density test

5792 (6.3 %)

18,558 (10.6 %)

15.4 %

4040 (7.0 %)

4110 (7.1 %)

0.5 %

 Hearing test

3705 (4.0 %)

9327 (5.3 %)

6.1 %

2375 (4.1 %)

2537 (4.4 %)

1.4 %

 Cytoscopy

3959 (4.3 %)

7739 (4.4 %)

0.5 %

2253 (3.9 %)

2325 (4.0 %)

0.6 %

 Computed tomography of the head

26,927 (29.2 %)

25,724 (14.6 %)

35.9 %

13,261 (22.9 %)

12,896 (22.2 %)

1.5 %

 Chest X-ray

43,501 (47.2 %)

69,077 (39.3 %)

16.1 %

24,600 (42.4 %)

25,086 (43.3 %)

1.7 %

 Pulmonary function test

4882 (5.3 %)

13,764 (7.8 %)

10.2 %

2901 (5.0 %)

3404 (5.9 %)

3.8 %

Laboratory measurementsh

      

 Evidence of baseline serum sodium measurement, N (%)

14,346 (15.6 %)

21,948 (23.8 %)

20.9 %

7242 (12.5 %)

7242 (12.5 %)

0 %

 Most recent serum sodium, mean (SD)

140.3 (3.5)

140.4 (3.2)

2.7 %

140.4 (3.4)

140.3 (3.4)

4.4 %

  1. Data are presented as the number (percentage) of patients, unless otherwise reported
  2. ACE inhibitor angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ACG adjusted clinical groups, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, IQR interquartile range, NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, SD standard deviation
  3. aStandardized differences are less sensitive to sample size than traditional hypothesis tests. They provide a measure of the difference between groups with respect to the pooled standard deviation; a standardized difference greater than 10 % was considered as a meaningful difference between the groups
  4. bIncome was categorized into fifths of average neighborhood income on the index date
  5. cComorbid conditions in the 5 years preceding the index date were considered
  6. dCoronary artery disease includes receipt of coronary artery bypass graft surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention
  7. eConcurrent medication use in the 6 months preceding the index date were considered
  8. fHealth-care contacts in the year preceding the index date were considered
  9. gHealth-care use in the year preceding the index date was considered
  10. hSerum sodium measurements were obtained at a mean (SD) of 140 (102) days in users and 149 (101) days in non-users, prior to the index date
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Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease

ISSN: 2054-3581

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