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Table 2 Multilevel logistic regression examining the association between renin angiotensin system antagonists and other variables with acute kidney injury

From: Acute kidney injury: an acceptable risk of treatment with renin-angiotensin system blockade in primary care?

Variable

Category/term

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Model 1

   

ACE/ARB

No

1

<0.001

 

Yes

1.93 (1.81, 2.06)

 

Model 2

   

ACE/ARB

No

1

<0.001

 

Yes

1.69 (1.58, 1.81)

 

Age (*)

Linear term

0.41 (0.35, 0.48)

<0.001

 

Quadratic term

1.12 (1.10, 1.13)

 

Sex

Female

1

<0.001

 

Male

1.70 (1.58, 1.83)

 

Model 3

   

ACE/ARB

No

1

<0.001

 

Yes

1.17 (1.09, 1.25)

 

Age (*)

Linear term

0.48 (0.42, 0.56)

<0.001

 

Quadratic term

1.08 (1.07, 1.09)

 

Sex

Female

1

<0.001

 

Male

1.61 (1.450, 1.72)

 

Hypertension

 

1.30 (1.17, 1.44)

<0.001

Diabetes

 

1.47 (1.37, 1.58)

<0.001

IHD

 

1.24 (1.16, 1.35)

0.001

Heart Failure

 

2.29 (2.04, 2.56)

<0.001

Systolic BP < 100

 

2.32 (2.09, 2.58)

<0.001

CKD stage

1

1

<0.001

 

2

1.90 (1.76, 2.04)

 
 

3

3.79 (3.46, 4.14)

 
 

4

6.79 (5.93, 7.77)

 

Diuretic

 

1.42 (1.34, 1.51)

<0.001

Model 4

   

ACE/ARB

No

1

0.01

 

Yes

1.11 (1.02, 1.20)

 

Age (*)

Linear term

0.69 (0.55, 0.87)

<0.001

 

Quadratic term

1.05 (1.03, 1.06)

 

Sex

Female

1

<0.001

 

Male

1.51 (1.40, 1.64)

 

Hypertension

 

1.36 (1.18, 1.56)

<0.001

Diabetes

 

1.13 (1.04, 1.23)

0.004

IHD

 

1.28 (1.17, 1.40)

<0.001

Heart Failure

 

2.10 (1.85, 2.38)

<0.001

Systolic BP < 100

 

2.28 (2.01, 2.59)

<0.001

CKD stage

1

1

<0.001

 

2

1.82 (1.67, 1.99)

 
 

3

3.40 (3.06, 3.77)

 
 

4

5.12 (4.38, 5.99)

 

Diuretic

 

1.45 (1.35, 1.56)

<0.001

Proteinuria

None

1

<0.001

 

Moderate

1.83 (1.69, 1.99)

 
 

Severe

3.27 (2.87, 3.72)

 
  1. (*) Odds ratios given for a 10-unit increase in the explanatory variable. Odds ratios describe the effect of all variables upon the outcome. For variables measured on a categorical scale, the odds ratios represent the odds of AKI in each category relative to a baseline category. For the continuous variables, the odds ratios represent the change in the odds of AKI for one-unit increase in that variable. A series of four models were examined, each considering the effects of RAS antagonists with different combinations of adjustments for other variables. Model 1 was unadjusted, model 2 was adjusted age and gender, model 3 for all variables apart from proteinuria and model 4 for all variables. CKD (chronic kidney disease), ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor), ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker), IHD (ischaemic heart disease), BP (blood pressure).