|
Variable
|
Category/term
|
Odds ratio (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
|---|
|
Model 1
| | | |
|
ACE/ARB
|
No
|
1
|
<0.001
|
| |
Yes
|
1.93 (1.81, 2.06)
| |
|
Model 2
| | | |
|
ACE/ARB
|
No
|
1
|
<0.001
|
| |
Yes
|
1.69 (1.58, 1.81)
| |
|
Age (*)
|
Linear term
|
0.41 (0.35, 0.48)
|
<0.001
|
| |
Quadratic term
|
1.12 (1.10, 1.13)
| |
|
Sex
|
Female
|
1
|
<0.001
|
| |
Male
|
1.70 (1.58, 1.83)
| |
|
Model 3
| | | |
|
ACE/ARB
|
No
|
1
|
<0.001
|
| |
Yes
|
1.17 (1.09, 1.25)
| |
|
Age (*)
|
Linear term
|
0.48 (0.42, 0.56)
|
<0.001
|
| |
Quadratic term
|
1.08 (1.07, 1.09)
| |
|
Sex
|
Female
|
1
|
<0.001
|
| |
Male
|
1.61 (1.450, 1.72)
| |
|
Hypertension
| |
1.30 (1.17, 1.44)
|
<0.001
|
|
Diabetes
| |
1.47 (1.37, 1.58)
|
<0.001
|
|
IHD
| |
1.24 (1.16, 1.35)
|
0.001
|
|
Heart Failure
| |
2.29 (2.04, 2.56)
|
<0.001
|
|
Systolic BP < 100
| |
2.32 (2.09, 2.58)
|
<0.001
|
|
CKD stage
|
1
|
1
|
<0.001
|
| |
2
|
1.90 (1.76, 2.04)
| |
| |
3
|
3.79 (3.46, 4.14)
| |
| |
4
|
6.79 (5.93, 7.77)
| |
|
Diuretic
| |
1.42 (1.34, 1.51)
|
<0.001
|
|
Model 4
| | | |
|
ACE/ARB
|
No
|
1
|
0.01
|
| |
Yes
|
1.11 (1.02, 1.20)
| |
|
Age (*)
|
Linear term
|
0.69 (0.55, 0.87)
|
<0.001
|
| |
Quadratic term
|
1.05 (1.03, 1.06)
| |
|
Sex
|
Female
|
1
|
<0.001
|
| |
Male
|
1.51 (1.40, 1.64)
| |
|
Hypertension
| |
1.36 (1.18, 1.56)
|
<0.001
|
|
Diabetes
| |
1.13 (1.04, 1.23)
|
0.004
|
|
IHD
| |
1.28 (1.17, 1.40)
|
<0.001
|
|
Heart Failure
| |
2.10 (1.85, 2.38)
|
<0.001
|
|
Systolic BP < 100
| |
2.28 (2.01, 2.59)
|
<0.001
|
|
CKD stage
|
1
|
1
|
<0.001
|
| |
2
|
1.82 (1.67, 1.99)
| |
| |
3
|
3.40 (3.06, 3.77)
| |
| |
4
|
5.12 (4.38, 5.99)
| |
|
Diuretic
| |
1.45 (1.35, 1.56)
|
<0.001
|
|
Proteinuria
|
None
|
1
|
<0.001
|
| |
Moderate
|
1.83 (1.69, 1.99)
| |
| |
Severe
|
3.27 (2.87, 3.72)
| |
- (*) Odds ratios given for a 10-unit increase in the explanatory variable. Odds ratios describe the effect of all variables upon the outcome. For variables measured on a categorical scale, the odds ratios represent the odds of AKI in each category relative to a baseline category. For the continuous variables, the odds ratios represent the change in the odds of AKI for one-unit increase in that variable. A series of four models were examined, each considering the effects of RAS antagonists with different combinations of adjustments for other variables. Model 1 was unadjusted, model 2 was adjusted age and gender, model 3 for all variables apart from proteinuria and model 4 for all variables. CKD (chronic kidney disease), ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor), ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker), IHD (ischaemic heart disease), BP (blood pressure).
