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Table 5 Associations between chronic kidney disease and potential risk factors, León, Nicaragua

From: A population-based study of prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in León, Nicaragua

 

<60 eGFR § N (%)

≥60 eGFR N (%)

Unadjusted POR (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted POR (95% CI)*

p-value

Sex

      

  Female

77 (37)

1247 (60)

referent

--

referent

 

  Male

131 (63)

820 (40)

2.59 (1.93, 3.47)

<.0001

3.47 (2.50, 4.80)

<.0001

Age (categorical)

      

  18-29

9 (4)

539 (26)

Referent

 

referent

 

  30-39

28 (13)

700 (34)

2.39 (1.12, 5.11)

0.0242

2.10 (0.98, 4.51)

0.0567

  40-49

40 (19)

409 (20)

5.85 (2.81, 12.20)

<.0001

5.10 (2.43, 10.72)

<.0001

  50-59

68 (33)

271 (13)

15.02 (7.38, 30.55)

<.0001

11.96 (5.79, 24.71)

<.0001

  60-70

63 (30)

148 (7)

25.48 (12.38, 52.42)

<.0001

23.3 (11.12, 48.83)

<.0001

Geographic Zone

      

  Urban

97 (47)

1348 (65)

referent

 

referent

 

  Rural

111 (53)

719 (35)

2.15 (1.61, 2.86)

<.0001

2.10 (1.53, 2.89)

<.0001

Neighborhood

      

  Mantica

39 (19)

575 (28)

referent

   

  Perla

80 (38)

812 (39)

1.45 (0.98, 2.16)

0.0656

1.67 (1.09, 2.56)

0.0194

  Sutiava

89 (43)

679 (33)

1.93 (1.31, 2.86)

0.001

1.95 (1.27, 2.97)

0.0021

Self-reported diabetes

     

  No

183 (88)

1989 (96)

referent

 

referent

 

  Yes

25 (12)

78 (4)

3.48 (2.17, 5.60)

<.0001

1.37 (0.81, 2.34)

0.2425

Self-reported high blood pressure

    

  No

145 (70)

1826 (88)

referent

 

referent

 

  Yes

63 (30)

241 (12)

3.29 (2.38, 4.56)

<.0001

2.07 (1.43, 3.02)

0.0001

  Education

      

  University and Professional

15 (7)

403 (20)

referent

 

referent

 

  Secondary

25 (12)

648 (31)

1.04 (0.54, 1.99)

0.9141

1.13 (0.57, 2.24)

0.7364

  Primary

113 (55)

830 (40)

3.66 (2.11, 6.35)

<.0001

2.44 (1.35, 4.41)

0.003

  No schooling

54 (26)

184 (9)

7.88 (4.34, 14.34)

<.0001

4.24 (2.21, 8.14)

<.0001

Number of years worked in agriculture

    

  None

57 (27)

1212 (59)

referent

 

referent

 

  >0-4

20 (10)

277 (13)

1.54 (0.91, 2.6)

0.1101

1.39 (0.80, 2.43)

0.24

  5-9

18 (9)

169 (8)

2.26 (1.30, 3.94)

0.0038

1.70 (0.94, 3.06)

0.0773

  10-14

28 (13)

151 (7)

3.94 (2.43, 6.39)

<.0001

2.55 (1.50, 4.32)

0.0005

  15+

85 (41)

258 (12)

7.01 (4.88, 10.06)

<.0001

2.91 (1.94, 4.38)

<.0001

Number of times drank unregulated alcohol (lija)

   

  None

185 (89)

1979 (96)

referent

 

referent

 

  ≥1 per week

23 (11)

88 (4)

2.80 (1.73, 4.53)

<.0001

1.95 (1.13, 3.38)

0.0164

Number of cigarettes smoked

    

  None

175 (84)

1800 (87)

referent

 

referent

 

  ≥1 per day

33 (16)

267 (13)

1.27 (0.86, 1.88)

0.2317

0.86 (0.56, 1.35)

0.5199

Daily water consumption

  

  0-4

34 (16)

617 (30)

referent

 

referent

 

  5-8

59 (29)

690 (33)

1.55 (1.00, 2.40)

0.0482

0.98 (0.61, 1.56)

0.9201

  9-12

58 (28)

407 (20)

2.59 (1.66, 4.02)

<.0001

1.62 (1.00, 2.63)

0.0488

  13-52

56 (27)

352 (17)

2.89 (1.85, 4.51)

<.0001

1.80 (1.08, 2.98)

0.0231

  1. Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
  2. *Logistic regression model adjusted for sex, age (indicator-coded categorical variable), self-reported high blood pressure diagnosis, and self-reported diabetes diagnosis.
  3. §Calculated using the MDRD method [11] eGFR variable truncated at 150.
  4. Quartiles of ranked average number of glasses of water per day.