Table 3 Stratum-specific prevalence of chronic kidney disease, León, Nicaragua by demographic characteristics and potential risk factors
From: A population-based study of prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in León, Nicaragua
N (%) † | Percent missing | Stratum-specific prevalence (95% CI) * | p-value § | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 < =GFR < 60 | 60 < =GFR < 90 | GFR= > 90 | ||||
N = 208 | N = 493 | N = 1574 | ||||
GFR data | ||||||
N = 218 | ||||||
Mean eGFR ± SD‡ | 2493 | 8.7 | 39 ± 15 | 78 ± 8 | 121 ± 20 | |
Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
Sex | ||||||
Female | 1434 (58) | 7.7 | 5.8 (4.6, 7.1) | 19.9 (17.8, 22.1) | 74.2 (71.9, 76.6) | <.0001 |
Male | 1054 (42) | 9.8 | 13.8 (11.6, 16) | 24.1 (21.4, 26.8) | 62.1 (59.1, 65.2) | |
Age (continuous) | ||||||
2493(100) | 1.6 | 51.4 ± 11.8 | 45.3 ± 11.7 | 36.2 ± 11.4 | ||
Age (categorical) | ||||||
18-29 | 595 (24) | 7.9 | 1.6 (0.6, 2.7) | 9.1 (6.7, 11.5) | 89.2 (86.6, 91.8) | |
30-39 | 781 (32) | 6.8 | 3.8 (2.4, 5.2) | 14.6 (12, 17.1) | 81.6 (78.8, 84.4) | <.0001 |
40-49 | 489 (20) | 8.2 | 8.9 (6.3, 11.5) | 34.1 (29.7, 38.5) | 57.0 (52.4, 61.6) | |
50-59 | 361 (15) | 6.1 | 20.1 (15.8, 24.3) | 35.1 (30, 40.2) | 44.8 (39.5, 50.1) | |
60-70 | 227 (9) | 7.0 | 29.9 (23.7, 36) | 30.8 (24.6, 37) | 39.3 (32.7, 45.9) | |
Geographic Zone | ||||||
Urban | 1585 (64) | 8.8 | 6.7 (5.4, 8.0) | 20.8 (18.7, 22.9) | 72.5 (70.2, 74.8) | |
Rural | 903 (36) | 8.1 | 13.4 (11.1, 15.7) | 23.1 (20.3, 26) | 63.5 (60.2, 66.8) | <.0001 |
Neighborhood | ||||||
Mantica | 668 (27) | 8.1 | 6.4 (4.4, 8.3) | 20.2 (17, 23.4) | 73.5 (70.0, 76.9) | |
Perla | 975 (40) | 8.5 | 9.0 (7.1, 10.8) | 26.2 (23.3, 29.1) | 64.8 (61.7, 67.9) | 0.0039 |
Sutiava | 809 (33) | 5.1 | 11.6 (9.3, 13.9) | 17.6 (14.9, 20.3) | 70.8 (67.6, 74.0) | |
Education | ||||||
No schooling | 251 (10) | 5.2 | 22.7 (17.4, 28) | 21.8 (16.6, 27.1) | 55.5 (49.1, 61.8) | |
Primary | 1020 (42) | 7.5 | 12.0 (9.9, 14.1) | 25.0 (22.3, 27.8) | 63.0 (59.9, 66.1) | |
Secondary | 728 (30) | 7.6 | 3.7 (2.3, 5.1) | 18.3 (15.4, 21.2) | 78.0 (74.9, 81.1) | <.0001 |
University/Professional | 451 (18) | 7.3 | 3.6 (1.8, 5.4) | 19.4 (15.6, 23.2) | 77.0 (73.0, 81.1) | |
Poverty Index** | ||||||
Not Poor | 1207(55) | 7.5 | 7.5 (6.0, 9.0) | 24 (21.6, 26.4) | 68.5 (65.8, 71.1) | 0.3308 |
Poor | 935(42) | 7.7 | 7.9 (6.2, 9.6) | 18.7 (16.2, 21.2) | 73.5 (70.6, 76.3) | |
Extremely poor | 63(3) | 14.3 | 9.3 (2.1, 16.4) | 27.8 (16.7, 38.8) | 63.0 (51.0, 74.9) | |
Water Source†† | ||||||
Indoor Plumbing | 1894 (86) | 5.4 | 5.6 (4.6, 6.5) | 17 (15.4, 18.5) | 57.2 (55.2, 59.3) | |
Community Source | 198 (9) | 0.5 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.3) | 5.5 (4.6, 6.5) | |
Own well | 414 (19) | 1.5 | 2.9 (2.2, 3.7) | 4.0 (3.2, 4.8) | 10.1 (8.9, 11.4) | |
Other | 82 (4) | 0.3 | 0.5 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.0) | 2.3 (1.7, 2.9) | |
Potential Risk Factors | ||||||
Number of times drank unregulated alcohol (lija) | ||||||
None | 2332 (95) | 7.2 | 8.5 (7.4, 9.7) | 21.8 (20, 23.5) | 69.7 (67.7, 71.6) | 0.0004 |
≥1 per week | 121 (5) | 8.3 | 20.7 (13.2, 28.3) | 19.8 (12.4, 27.2) | 59.5 (50.3, 68.6) | |
Number of cigarettes smoked | ||||||
None | 2131 (87) | 7.3 | 8.9 (7.6, 10.1) | 21 (19.2, 22.8) | 70.2 (68.2, 72.2) | 0.0166 |
≥1 per day | 322 (13) | 6.8 | 11.0 (7.5, 14.5) | 26.3 (21.3, 31.3) | 62.7 (57.2, 68.1) | |
Self-reported diabetes | ||||||
No | 2342 (95) | 7.3 | 8.4 (7.3, 9.6) | 21 (19.3, 22.7) | 70.6 (68.7, 72.5) | <.0001 |
Yes | 111 (5) | 7.2 | 24.3 (16, 32.6) | 35.9 (26.7, 45.2) | 39.8 (30.4, 49.3) | |
Self-reported high blood pressure | ||||||
No | 2127 (87) | 7.3 | 7.4 (6.2, 8.5) | 20.6 (18.8, 22.4) | 72.0 (70.1, 74.0) | <.0001 |
Yes | 326 (13) | 6.7 | 20.7 (16.2, 25.3) | 28.6 (23.5, 33.7) | 50.7 (45, 56.3) | |
Number of years worked in agriculture | ||||||
never | 1365 (56) | 7.0 | 4.5 (3.4, 5.6) | 18.4 (16.2, 20.5) | 77.1 (74.8, 79.5) | <.0001 |
>0 to 4 | 325 (13) | 8.6 | 6.7 (3.9, 9.6) | 24.6 (19.7, 29.5) | 68.7 (63.4, 74.0) | |
5-9 | 201 (8) | 7.0 | 9.6 (5.4, 13.9) | 27.8 (21.4, 34.2) | 62.6 (55.6, 69.5) | |
10-14 | 187 (8) | 4.3 | 15.6 (10.3, 21) | 22.9 (16.7, 29.1) | 61.5 (54.3, 68.6) | |
≥15 | 375 (15) | 8.5 | 24.8 (20.2, 29.4) | 27.4 (22.7, 32.1) | 47.8 (42.5, 53.1) | |
Daily water consumption‡‡ | ||||||
0-4 | 699 (29) | 6.9 | 5.2 (3.5, 6.9) | 17.8 (14.9, 20.8) | 77 (73.7, 80.2) | <.0001 |
5-8 | 808 (33) | 7.3 | 7.9 (5.9, 9.8) | 20.8 (17.9, 23.7) | 71.3 (68.1, 74.5) | |
9-12 | 505 (21) | 7.9 | 12.5 (9.5, 15.5) | 23.2 (19.4, 27.1) | 64.3 (59.9, 68.7) | |
13-52 | 439 (18) | 7.1 | 13.7 (10.4, 17.1) | 27.7 (23.4, 32.0) | 58.6 (53.8, 63.4) | |