Assessment of potential biomarkers of subclinical vitamin K deficiency in patients with end-stage kidney disease

Table 1 Demographic and clinical features of study population

Variables	N (%)	Mean ± SD	Range
Clinical characteristics (n = 44)
Age, years		64.2 ± 14.5	22 to 92
Sex (male)	29 (65.9)
Dialysis vintage, months		43.8 ± 38.3	3 to 183
Etiology of ESKD
Diabetes mellitus	11 (25.0)
Renovascular disease	14 (31.8)
Other	19 (43.2)
Cardiovascular disease	14 (31.8)
Peripheral vascular disease	17 (38.6)
Cerebrovascular disease	6 (13.6)
History of fracture	17 (38.6)
Non-smoker	17 (38.6)
Vitamin K status
Phylloquinone concentration, nmol/L (n = 44)		1.25 ± 1.17	0 to 5.3
%ucOC (n = 42)		24.5 ± 15.4	5.2 to 63.1
PIVKA-II, nmol/L (n = 44)		3.98 ± 2.51	1.5 to 14.5
Laboratory measures
Phosphate, mmol/L (n = 43)		1.49 ± 0.38	0.61 to 2.96
Calcium, ionized, mmol/L (n = 43)		1.17 ± 0.08	0.97 to 1.36
Parathyroid hormone, pmol/L (n = 43)		38.7 ± 39.4	0.9 to 220.1
Albumin, g/L (n = 43)		40.4 ± 3.2	32 to 48
Total cholesterol, mmol/L (n = 43)		3.74 ± 0.86	2.1 to 6.3
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L (n = 41)		1.62 ± 0.63	0.4 to 3.1
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L (n = 43)		1.30 ± 0.35	0.7 to 2.3
Triglycerides, mmol/L (n = 43)		1.75 ± 1.23	0.8 to 5.6
Kt/V (n = 44)		1.52 ± 0.35	0.71 to 2.23
URR (n = 44)		0.73 ± 0.07	0.50 to 0.88

ESKD, End-stage kidney disease; %ucOC, percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin; PIVKA-II, Proteins induced by vitamin K absence or antagonism II; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; Kt/V, measure of dialysis adequacy, where K is dialyzer clearance of urea, t is dialysis time, and V is volume of distribution of urea; URR, urea reduction ratio.

ISSN: 2054-3581